Vet eBooks. Free Download Books. Veterinary Medicine 11th Edition Equine. It provides up-to-date information on the diseases of Read more.

Your days spent fruitlessly scouring textbooks and websites for credible vet Cunningham's Textbook of Veterinary Physiology 5th Edition Understanding the normal functions of the body is essential for successful veterinary practice and for understanding the mechanisms It serves as a one-stop resource for authoritative information on all aspects of small animal It inhibits mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase leading to death.

Pesticides are agrochemicals used in various agricultural, animal husbandry and public health operations. They are classified as insecticides, herbicides, weedicides and rodenticides. Chemically, insecticides are grouped mainly as organochlorine organophosphates, carbamates and synthetic pyrethroids. Acute poisoning of pesticides causes death in animals after nervous clinical signs of short duration. Chronic toxicity is characterized by immunosuppression, nephropathy, neuropathy, hypersensitivity and autoimmunity in animals Figs.

Multiple deficiencies: e. Nutritional imbalance: e. Protein malnutrition: e. Calorie deficiency: e. Factors responsible for nutritional deficiency Interference with intake e. Interference with absorption e. Increased requirement e. Calorie deficiency Calorie deficiency in animals occurs due to food deprivation or starvation.

It is very difficult to diagnose the nutritional causes and sometimes it is not possible to fmd a precise cause as in case of infectious disease because functions of one nutrient can be compensated by another in cell metabolism. Experimental production of nutritional deficiency is not identical to natural disease.

When tissue concentration of nutrient falls down to the critical level, it leads to abnormal metabolism and the abnormal metabolites present in tissues can be detected in urine and faeces. First changes of nutritional deficiency are recorded in rapidly metabolizing tissues e.

Immature animals are more. Starvation Starvation is the long continued deprivation of food. It is characterized by fatty degeneration of liver, anemia and skin diseases. Young and very old animals are more susceptible to starvation while in pregnant animals it causes retarded growth. Generally, protein deficiency does not occur. However, the deficiency of essential amino acids has been reported in animals when certain ingredients are deficient in certain amino acids.

Protein deficiency is characterized by hypoproteinemia, anemia, poor growth, delayed healing, decreased or cesation of cell proliferation, failure of collagen formation, atrophy of testicles and ovary, atrophy of thymus and lymphoid tissue. Absorptive surface is reduced with shrunken cells and pyknotic nuclei.

Villi become shorter and show atrophy. Atrophy ofmuscles. Increased cortisol leads to increased lipolysis resulting in formation of fatty acids in liver which in turn converts into ketones used by brain. Generally, there is no deficiency of fat in animals. However, essential fatty acids, including linolenic acid, linoleic acid and arachdonic acid, deficiency may occur which causes dermatoses in animals.

Fat has high calorie value and it is required in body because there are certain vitamins soluble in fat only. Gluconeogenesis In early fasting blood glucose level drops down. The insulin level becomes low while glucagon goes high in starvation. The glucose comes from skeletal muscle, adipose tissue and lymphoid tissue during starvation. Twenty-four hours of food deprivation causes reduction in liver glycogen and blood glucose.

Fatty acid from adipose tissue forms glucose and in mitochondria after oxidation it forms acetoacetate, hydroxybutyrate and acetone.

These are also known as ketone bodies and are present in blood stream during starvatibn. This state is also known as ketosis e. Lack of glucose in blood leads to oxidation of fatty acids which form ketone bodies as an alternate source of energy. They are normal! Deficiency of water may lead to dehydration and slight wrinkling in skin. Deficiency may occur due to fever, vomiting, diarrhoea, haemorrhage and polyuria, which can be corrected through adequate oral water supply or through intravenous fluid therapy.

Deficiency of Vitamins Vitamin deficiency may occur due to starvation. There are two types of vitamins viz. Fat soluble vitamins are vit. Clinically it is characterized by anorexia, depression, coma, sweet smell in urine.

Concentration of acetone increases in milk, blood and urine along with hyperlipimia and acidosis. A similar condition also occurs in sheep known as pregnancy toxaemia which is characterized by depression, coma and paralysis.

This situation occurs when many foetus are present in uterus. There are fatty changes in liver, kidneys, and heart, with subepicardial petechiae or echymosis. Vitamin A It is also known as retinol. It is derived from its precursor carotene. It is found in abndance in plants. A aldehyde which, after absorption, is stored in liver. Bile salts and pancreatic juice are responsible for.

Etiology absorption of vit. A from gut. Deficiency of vit. A occurs due to damage in liver. A deficiency may lead to following disease conditions: Squamous metaplasia of epithelial surfaces in esophagus, pancreas, bladder and parotid duct, which is considered pathognomonic in calves. Destruction of epithelium! A deficient animals. There are abnormal teeth in animals due to hypoplasia of enamel and its poor mineralization.

Vitamin A deficiency is also associated with still birth and miscarriages in pigs. It causes night blindness Nyctalopia in animals. Due to deficiency of Vit. The glands become spherical, mm dia. It is considered pathognomonic for hypovitaminosis A. Inflammation of upper respiratory tract lead to coryza.

Urinary tract of cattle, sheep and goat suffers due to formation of calculi, which may cause obstruction in sigmoid flexure of urethra in males. Such calculi are made up of desquamated epithelial cells and salts and the condition is known as urolithiasis. A may also lead to in abnormal growth of cranial bones and there may be failure of foramen ovale to grow leading to constriction of optic nerves which results in blindness in calves, increased CSF pressure, blindness at birth and foetal malformations.

In sows, piglets are born without eyes Anophthalmos or with smaller eyes-. Active forms of vit. Dare hydroxy vit. D and 1,25 dihydroxy vit D. Calcitriol which is 5 to 10 times more potent than former. Vit D is stored in adipose tissue in body. The main functions of vit D are absorption of Ca and P from intestines and kidneys, mineralization of bones, maintenance of blood levels of Ca and P and immune regulation as it activates lymphocytes and macrophages.

The deficiency of vitamin D is associated with rickets in young animals Fig. Excess of vitamin D leads to the formation of renal calculi, metastatic calcification and osteoporosis in animals.

K occurs in two forms namely vit. K, or phylloquinone found in green leaf and vegetables and Vit- K2 or menadione which is produced by gut microflora. Its main function is coagulation of blood. Deficiency of vit K may leads to hypoprothrombinemia and haemorrhages. Vitamin E a- tocopherol Source of vitamin E is grains, oils, nuts, vegetables, and in body it is stored in adipose tissue, liver and muscles.

It has antioxidant activity and prevents oxidative degradation of cell membrane. Deficiency of vit E causes degeneration of neurons in peripheral nerves. There is denervation of muscles leading to muscle dystrophy e. White muscle disease in cattle and Stiff lamb disease in sheep and Myoglobinuria in horses. E causes degeneration of pigments in retina and reduces life span of RBC, leading to anemia and sterility in animals. Crazy chick disease Encephalomalacia is also caused by vit E deficiency; the chicks become sleepy with twisting of head and neck.

There is muscular dystrophy in chickens due to vit. E deficiency Fig. Vitamin D Vitamin D occurs in three forms viz.

D3 or cholecaliciferol and Vit D, or impure mixture of sterols. D is synthesized in body skin through UV rays on 7hydrocholesterol. In diet containing egg, butter, it is. Pyridoxine It is found in egg, green vegetables, meat, liver etc. Deficiency of pyridoxine causes uremia, convulsions, dermatitis and glossitis Pantothenic acid Pantothenic acid deficiency is associated with stunted growth of chicks.

Folate Folic acid is required in formation of erythrocytes and hence its deficiency leads to anemia. Cyanocobalamin Deficiency of cyanocobalamin may also lead to anemia, as it is also needed in RBC formation. Biotin Biotin deficiency causes paralysis of hind legs in calves and perosis in chicks. Choline Choline deficiency is associated with fatty changes in liver and perosis. Thiamine In ruminants, synthesis of thiamine occurs in rumen.

Sources of vit. B are pea, beans, pulses, green vegetables, roots, fruits, rice, wheat bran etc. Strong tea, coffee have antithiamine action. It is stored in muscles, liver, heart, kidneys and bones of animals. Thiamine plays active role in carbohydrate metabolism Deficiency of thiamine may lead to Beriberi disease characterized by Ataxia and neuraVlesions.

Chastek paralysis in cats, fox and mink and stargazing attitude of chicks due to thiaminase thiamine deficiency in meal may be observed. Bracken fern poisoning in cattle and horses may cause deficiency of thiamine due to presence of thiaminase enzyme in bracken fern. Toxicity of thiamine splitting drugs like amprolium, a coccidiostate, may cause polioencephalomalcia in cattle and sheep. Cardiac dialation in pigs has also been observed due to vit.

Vitamin C Ascorbic acid It is found in green plants and citrus fruits. C may cause retardation of fibroplasia, scurvy in G. Riboflavin Riboflavin is a component of several enzymes and is found in plants, meat, eggs and vegetables. Deficiency of riboflavin may cause Curled Toe Paralysis in chicks and swelling of sciatic and brachial nerves Fig. Deficiency of anyone of them or in combination may cause serious disease in animals. It is found in grains, cereals, meat, liver, kidneys, vegetables and plants.

Deficiency of niacin is associated with skin disorders in man Pellegra; anorexia, diarrhoea, anemia in pigs and mucous hyperplasia, haemorrhage in gastrointestinal tract and black. Chloride ions of hydrochloric acid present in stomach also come from sodium chloride. The excess of sodium chloride causes gastroenteritis in cattle, gastroenteritis and eosinophilic meningoencephalitis in pigs and ascites in poultry. Deficiency of sodium chloride is characterized by anorexia, constipation, loss of weight in sows and pica, weight loss, decreased milk production and polyurea in cattle.

Deficiency of salt occurs due to diarrhoea, dehydration and vomiting. The calcium therapy recovers the animal immediately. The excess of calcium may cause metastatic calcification leading to its deposition in soft tissue of kidney, lungs and stomach.

Magnesium It acts as activator of many enzymes e. It is required for activation of. Dietary deficiency leads to hypomagnesaemia and a level below 0. The post-mortem lesions of magnesium deficiency includes haemorrhage in heart, intestines, mesentery and congestion of viscera. Grass tetany and Grass staggers occurs due to hypomagnesaemia and are characterized by hyperirritability, abnormal gait, coma and death.

Absorption of calcium from gut is facilitated by vit. Paratharmone stimulates to raise blood Ca level from bones while calcitonin from thyroid stimulates its deposition in bones and thus reduces blood Ca levels. In pregnant cows, calcium deficiency occurs just after parturition. During gestation calcium goes to foetus from skeleton of cows, resulting in weak skeleton of dam. If calcium is not provided in diet, it may cause disease in dam characterized by locomotor disturbances, abnormal curvature of back, distortion of pelvis, tetany, incoordination, muscle spasms, unconsciousness and death.

Milk fever is a disease of cattle that occurs due to deficiency of calcium just after parturition. Cow suddenly becomes recumbent and sits on sternum with head bending. In bones, it is in the form of calcium phosphate. Deficiency of phosphorus qlay lead to hypophosphatemia and is characterized by pica, rheumatism and hemoglobinurea. It mainly occurs in cattle, buffaloes and camels, who eat bones, mud and other eartbern materials. Such animals have heavy parasitic load in their gut. Rheumatism like syndrome is characterized by lameness in hind legs particularly in camels and buffaloes.

Hemoglobinurea is characterized by the presence of coffee colour urine of animal due to extensive intravascular hemolysis Hemo-. It occurs as the epiphyseal cartilage fails to ossify at 12 week of age and epiphysis becomes loose and thus gastrocnemious tendon slips medially.

This condition is known as Slipped Tendon or Perosis Fig. Selenium Deficiency of selenium causes hemolysis as it protects cell membrane of RBC and thus its deficiency leads to anemia.

Blind Staggers occurs due to excess of selenium. Zinc Deficiency of zinc may cause parakeratosis in pigs at weeks' age. Calcium in diet with phytate or phosphate forms a complex with zinc making it unavailable for absorption leading to its deficiency, which is characterized by rough skin of abdomen, medial surface of thigh, which becomes homy.

It also causes fascial eczema in cattle, thymic hypoplasia in calves and immunodeficiency in animals. Iron Deficiency of iron leads to anemia, which is hypochromic and microcytic but rarely occurs in animals. Copper Deficiency of copper results in anemia and steel wool disease in sheep, which is characterized by loss of crimp in wool.

Enzootic ataxia with incoordination of posterior limb has been observed in goats. Iodine Deficiency of iodine causes goiter in newborn pigs characterized by absence of hair on their skin. Other signs of iodine deficiencies include abnormal spermatozoa, decreased spermatogenesis, loss of libido, reduced fertility, suboestrus, anoestrus, miscarriages, dystocia and hydrocephalus.

Excess of iodine may lead to lacrimation and exfoliation of dandruff like epidermal scales from skin. Cobalt Vit. Bl2 is synthesized by ruminal bacteria from cobalt in ruminants. Cobalt also stimulates erythropoiesis. Its deficiency may cause wasting disease, cachexia and emaciation in animals. The pathological lesions are comprised of anemia, hemosiderosis in liver, spleen and kidneys.

Fluorine Excess of fluorine causes mottling in teeth and bones. The teeth become shorter, broader with opaque areas. Manganese Deficiency of manganese causes slipped tendon in chicken or perosis characterized by shortening of. Fill in the blanks with suitable word s to answer the followings. Radiation mainly affects the Viruses are classified into two major groups viz Acid fast bacilli causing disease in animals are Snake venom contains The gangrene on extremities produced by feeding of Fungal toxins like.

Pesticides are classified into four major groups Heavy metals such as The first changes of nutritional deficiency are recorded in rapidly metabolizing tissues such as Starvation is the Ketone bodies are Protein deficiency may lead to failure of collagen formation resulting in atrophy of Maize is deficient in Essential fatty acids are The deficiency ofVit. A is the cause of recurrent episodes of Encephalomalacia is caused by deficiency of vitamin Perosis is caused by Write true or false against each statement and correct the false statement.

Hog cholera occurs only in pigs. Beef cattle are more prone to mastitis. Nephritis is more common in male in comparison to female bovines. Canine distemper occurs in old dogs. Burns and surgery may lead to immunosuppression. Rabies is caused by lyssavirus which belongs to retroviridae family. Pathogenic fungi belong to fungi imperfecti.

Trypanosomasis may be transmitted through inoculation. Ochratoxin causes bile duct hyperplasia and hepatcarcinoma in birds. Most of the antibiotics show their deleterious effect on gut microflora, which may lead to gastrointestinal tract problems. Newly born piglets are less prone to deficiency diseases. Starvation may cause stunted growth of foetus in pregnant animals. Presence of ketone bodies in blood should always be suspected for ketosis in cows.

Soybean is deficient in lysine amino acid. Vitamin B complex and Care water-soluble. Nyctalopia is caused by vitamin E deficiency. Microphthalmos is defmed as newborn with smaller eyes. Vitamin D regulates the immune system of animals and activates the lymphocytes and macrophages.

Vitamin K2 is produced by gastrointestinal flora and is known as phylloquinone. Slipped tendon is caused by manganeese deficiency is birds. Define the followings. Multiple deficiency 2. Lipolysis 3. Dehydration 4. Urolithiasis 5. Anophthalmos 6. Idiosyncracy 7. Bums 8. Mode of transmission 9. Maintenance of infection Microphthalmos Parakeratosis Perosis Hemoglobinurea Myoglobinurea Drug toxicity Immunotoxicity of environmental pollutants Microbial toxins Electrical injury Radiation injury.

Write short notes on. Erosions 2. Laceration 3. Latency 4. Septicemia 5. Blind staggers 6. Osteomalacia 7. Gluconeogenesis 8. Ketosis 9. Pregnancytoxemia Select one appropriate word from the four options provided with each question. Hog cholera occurs in Partial loss of epithelium on skin or mucous membrane is known as Bum area of skin and tissues remains sterile till Epidermis and dermis are destroyed leading to shock in Radiation affects the dividing cells of..

Leptospira is a Coxiella burnetti is a Ringworm is caused by a Transmission of diseases from one generation to another is known as Aflatoxins are produced by General Veterinary Pathology Pesticide includes Prolonged starvation leads to Deficiency of vitamin A causes Vitamin D regulates the activity of..

Star grazing in chicks in caused by Curled toe paralysis is caused by Crazy chick disease is caused by Rheumatism like syndrome is caused by deficiency of Deoxyribo nucleic acid DNA Double helix structure of polynucleotide chain.

A nucleotide consists of phosphate, sugar and base of either purine Adenine, Guanine or pyrimidine Thymine, Cytosine. Robbins and Cotran Review of Pathology, 4th Edition. Robbins and Cotran Review of Pathology, 4th Edition Effectively master the most important principles and facts in pathology with this easy-to-use new edition of Robbins Pathology of Small Mammal Pets. Pathology of Small Mammal Pets Pathology of Small Mammal Pets presents a ready reference for veterinarians, veterinary pathologists, and technicians who work with small mammal Veterinary Forensic Pathology: Volume 1 and 2.

Veterinary Forensic Pathology: Volume 1 and 2 This richly illustrated two-volume book offers a comprehensive and essential reference guide for veterinary pathologists and clinical veterinarians Insect Pathology, 2nd Edition.

The Illustrated Dictionary of Toxicologic Pathology and Safety Science There has been a growing interest in toxicologic pathology, especially as related to its impact on Volume 1 covers the pathology of the integument, muscle, haematopoietic system, nervous system and organs of special sense eye and ear , while volume 2 contains presentations on the pathology of the circulatory, respiratory, digestive, urinary and reproductive systems.

In all volumes, pathologic changes were described in simple language that demystified the wrong belief among students that pathology is difficult to study. Beyond describing lesions, the pathogenesis and pathologic basis for the lesions were clearly presented in order to enhance in-depth understanding of the disease process; this was considered important because knowledge of pathology is needed beyond the veterinary school, in fact, it is much more important in field veterinary practice after graduation.

As is typical with course books, specific references to published sources were neither cited nor listed; rather a selected bibliography of standard pathology and related textbooks were included at the end of each volume for the benefit of students. The experience gathered by the authors in the course of their long number of years of teaching students and coordinating pathology courses was strongly brought to bear on the preparation of this course book; a serious student shall therefore find the book user-friendly and easy to read and understand.

We strongly believe that Fundamentals of Systemic Veterinary Pathology shall adequately meet the needs of veterinary students. The authors include K. Kennedy, H. Smith, T. Hunt, H. Burkitt, B.

Heath, E. Coles, N. Cheville, O. Schaum, N. Carroll, R. Thomson, S. Robbins, W. Monlux, L. Krook, and S. Ramalingan, S. The publishers include Academic Press Inc. New York, B. Decker Inc. Saunders Company, Philadelphia. The first author J. Ihedioha wishes to acknowledge the strengthening and encouragement received from fellow academics and students from the different veterinary, medical and pharmacy schools in Nigeria who having found value in or benefited from the earlier course book on general pathology Basic Principles of General Pathology positively pressured him through personal contacts and letters and thus inspired him to continue with the development of the current course book.

A few academics at least are worth being mentioned — Prof. Chineme co-author of the current course book , Prof. We thank our families for their support, understanding and consideration especially during those long number of hours spent on the writing desk and in front of the computer monitor.

We also thank the typists — Andy I. Mobogo and Okey S.